This is a great question. Mathematics and philosophy emerge during the traditional/formal period of Culture evolution. They set the stage for modern science. In the West, one can trail a line of thought in analytic justification from mathematics into the Pythagoreans. Then you have modern/ancient philosophy being sparked by Socrates, who arguably started the process with formal epistemological inquiry. Then you get Plato's idealist ontology and Aristotle's materialist ontology.